Leadership Theories Relevant In Contemporary Organisations Management Essay

Leadership Theories Relevant In Contemporary Organisations Management Essay Introduction Leadership theories talk about different methods or ways that a leader follows to complete a given task with a group of people (followers or subordinates). These theories also talk about leaders behavior, character, knowledge, and the environment the team is working in. as it is the leaders task to complete the given work in given time and environment. Different theories talk about different leadership styles or methods a leader can choose to follow to complete the given task. Leadership theories relevant in contemporary organisations: Leaders play a vital role in determining the organizations effectiveness. Effective leaders are critical to the effectiveness of the contemporary organizations. Whether leadership can be taught, or even how effective it might are the question to answer (Collinson and Keith in year 2005). Leadership is not just a single man process, but it is a shared process (Hunt and Murrel 1997, 2004), leaders can become followers and followers can become leaders depending on the process, situation and the task. In simple terms, leadership is a process in which an individual or a group influences others to accomplish a specific task providing the necessary directions to the organization to become more effective. With growing technology and globalization, organizations are competing with each other like never before. As a result, how well and organization can use its resources plays a very important role. Some also argue that the effects of a leader on an organization are less when comparing with po litical, economical and environmental forces (Lieberson and OConnor, 1972; Pfeffer, 1977), natural disaster in Japan recently is a perfect example of this. Situational Leadership Theory The situational leadership theory which is first introduced as life cycle theory was developed b Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard says, the effective leadership varies not only with the person or group but many other factors influencing the organization like environment, politics, economics, etc, which can affect the workflow of the organization. So, the most successful leaders are those who can adapt their leadership styles according to the situation and to the maturity of the individual or group they are attempting to lead or influence. Maturity can be seen as 1. The ability or capacity to set high but achievable goals. 2. Responsibility and commitment to complete the task. 3.Relevant education and experience with respect to task. There are two fundamental concepts in Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership theory. Leadership styles. Individuals or groups maturity level. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situational_leadership_theory) Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership theory talks about four different leadership styles and four different maturity levels of the individual or group. How different leadership styles can help different maturity levels is what the theory is about. M1/S1: If the individual or group is not matured enough, leader should constantly tell them and direct them towards the goal. M2/S2: If the maturity level is medium and skills are limited, leader should coach them and direct them towards the goal, not constantly. M3/S3: If the maturity level is medium and the skill level is high, leader should participate with the group or individual and support them to achieve the goal. M4/S4: If the individual or the group is highly matured, leader involves him/her self in the process to check the development or the progress of the task. (http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_44.htm). Some of the factors that will affect the leaders decisions are: Capacity and the influence of the leader. Capacity and motivation of the subordinates or followers. Relation between leader and team. How serious is the situation or amount of the pressure on the leader and the team. What are the resources available for the leader and the team? As a leader plays a major in any organisation, it is important to have necessary information and knowledge about the planning and should have a clear vision. So, he or she can help the team or subordinates to have clear vision and together they can archive the common goal. There are many strategies a leader can approach (like task oriented or people oriented etc). However the approach can change according to the situation. In many areas situation plays major role, so understanding the situation and supporting the team will help the leader and the team to reach the desired goal. Leaders should mainly know about: Subordinates or followers motivation and capacity to work in various situations. Do all the subordinates know or understand what they should do ( action plan or vision )? How the work is organised. Understanding between team members (it plays a major role in completing task). What are the resources that are available? Information about external groups that a leader can coordinate and take support form in unpredictable situations. Herseys and Blanchards Situational Leadership Theory illustrates the development of the team in four stages. The four stages are: Forming: Forming a team. It is important for the leader to select a team with a group with enough information and knowledge which helps leader forming plans and take actions to complete the tasks. Storming: leader should have a clear vision of what he or she is doing and should have a clear plan how to do it. Leader when has a clear vision he or she can help the team to form a clear vision which helps the team to reach their goal. Clarity is very important for the leader and the followers. Norming: Understanding between the team members or followers is very important for the team leader, as it plays very important role for the leaders life. If the team members have a good understanding it is easy for the leader to complete the task with less trouble in unwanted situations. Performing: Leader with all the information and knowledge about the task and all the resources that organization has, to complete the task. Making a perfect business plan is just beginning but performing according to the plan is tough and not easy. With proper motivation and leaders charm it is possible to complete the task. (http://www.businessballs.com/slanalysis.htm) (http://www.ehow.com/situational-leadership/) (http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_44.htm) Disadvantages/Limitations of the Situational Leadership Theory This model was unable to differentiate between management style and leadership style. What leadership is all about, is it making decisions or motivating and inspiring and helping followers / subordinates? Concentrates a lot on what leader does for him/her self and for the team and for the organization. (http://www.12manage.com/methods_blanchard_situational_leadership.html)

Bible Story Worksheet Essay

For Part 1 of this assignment, you will complete this worksheet by reviewing the â€Å"The Story of the Bible† â€Å"flags† and fulfill each writing requirement. http://lc.gcumedia.com/zwebassets/courseMaterialPages/cwv101_biblical-timeline-v1.1.php Please keep your answers brief. Solid academic writing is expected. Refer to the GCU Academic Writing Guidelines in the Student Success Center. Briefly answer each section from â€Å"The Story of the Bible†: Write 2-3 sentences explaining why the Creation account is so significant to the Christian worldview. The creation account is so significant to the Christian worldview because it shows you how we became about. How god took dirt and made something miraculous. It shows how God was here first; how he created heavens and earth. It tells me that God is not like man. He is the only one who sits high and looks down low. Write 2-3 sentences explaining what the Fall reveals about humanity and human morality. The Fall reveals that humans want to take Gods place and make up their own morality. It also reveals that when eve And Adam ate the forbidden fruit they corrupted the good creation that God had just belt. That disobedience brought about shame and guilt Write 2-3 sentences explaining the importance of God revealing Himself through covenants. It was important for God to reveal himself through covenant because it gives the people a chance to make decisions and to work towards something. He promises us eternal life if we keep his commandments. There are covenants throughout the whole bible. Write 2-3 sentences explaining what the prophecies about the Messiah tell us about Jesus. It was already written in the bible way before Jesus that God the Messiah would send his only son so that he may die and rise again for our sin. â€Å"Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a Son, and shall call His Name Immanuel† (Isaiah 7:14) Write 2-3 sentences explaining the significance of Jesus’ life and ministry. Jesus life and ministry is very important to the Christian Worldview because in order to serve God we must go through the son. His life signifies forgiveness and resurrection. Jesus ministry shows discipline and obedience to his father and his word. Write 2-3 sentences explaining how restoration and redemption are significant for our purpose as individuals and for  mankind in general. Restoration and redemption is important for mankind because we all fall short of the glory of God. We all need redemption and restoration because no one is perfect. If thing stayed the same with no repair or improvement this world will be in a devastated state; worse than today’s world. Please review all your responses above and write a three-paragraph summation of the Christian worldview. In your brief summation, explain why it is important to know the story of the Bible and the common thread throughout the flags in the â€Å"Story of the Bible.† Finally, how does your interpretation of life compare with the Christian Worldview reflected in the biblical story? It’s very important to know the story of the bible because it teaches us how we were created. We were created in the image and likeness of God. The story of the bible also lets us know about Jesus, his fall, his rise, etc. It teaches us some of the different covenants God made to us. It also talks about the prophets of the bible. See Part 2 of this assignment on the next page. Part 2 – Journal on Find Out Your Worldview Quiz Use the space below to compose a journal of 250-500 words on the results of â€Å"Find Out Your Worldview.† http://lc.gcumedia.com/zwebassets/courseMaterialPages/cwv101_world-view-v1.1.php Access and view the â€Å"Find Out Your Worldview.† After completing the process, reflect on your result. Do you agree with the result you received? Explain why you agree or disagree with the result. What does assessing your own worldview in this way teach you about yourself? APA is not required for this assignment but solid academic writing is expected. â€Å"Find Out Your Worldview† After doing the assessment on â€Å"Find Out Your Worldview†, the result return that my worldview is a Christian. I totally agree with the results. The results were not a shock at all. I was brought up in the church. Every Sunday we went to church. Being raised by my grandmother put the icing on the cake. We all know that grandmothers can praise the Lord and quote some bible verses you have never came across before.

Emily Grierson From A Rose For A Rose For Emily - 1233 Words

Judith Fetterley argued in her critical essay that Emily Grierson from a â€Å"Rose for ‘A Rose for Emily’† was empowered and victimized by her gender and class. However the girl from â€Å"Boys and Girls† and Gertrude from Hamlet had not been as lucky as Miss Emily. In a â€Å"Rose for ‘A Rose for Emily’† Emily Grierson was the daughter of Mr. Grierson, who was a respected man in Jefferson. After his death Miss Emily still conserved her title of a lady even if all the town folks knew that she didn’t have money left. Miss Emily took advantage of the fact that she was a lady to not pay the tax to the new town leaders by saying that she was exempted of taxes by the previous mayor of the town. She knew that the town people would not bother to ask her to pay the taxes that she legally had to pay as her father was dead and they were concerned about Miss Emily’s mental health, but it was mostly because Emily Grierson was a lady a nd it would be considered disrespectful to force a woman of this status to settle her debt. Moreover, the town folks were complaining about a powerful odor emanating from her house. The Judge Stevens present at that time estimated that it was very inconvenient to mention to a woman of this rank that her house smells bad. So he decided that a few men from town would sneak in Miss Emily’s house to spread lime around the Griersons’ property. Even this time the town people could not confront Miss Emily for her acts. When she started dating a northern man named Homer Barron,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of A Rose For Emily Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesBeing An Outcast: Emily As Manifesting Thematic Alienation in Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† I. Introduction Being taught in high schools and universities all across the nation, William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† has achieved a great deal of both academic and mainstream respect in the United States. In being arguably one of Faulkner’s strongest stories, and since Faulkner himself has assumed the position of being one of the great masters of American fiction, â€Å"A Rose† is undoubtedlyRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Sarah Markins Dr. Bibby ENG 107 February 11, 2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner in 1931, follows a series of peculiar events in Miss Emily Griersons life. Written in third person limited, Faulkner utilizes flashbacks to tell of the period between the death of Emily’s father and her own passing. Split into five short sections, the story starts out with the townspeople of Jefferson remembering Emily’s legacy and how each new generation ofRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Emily Grierson in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner757 Words   |  3 Pageswas a salute ... to a woman you would hand a rose† (Outà ³n 63), this is how William Faulkner is quoted when explaining the meaning for the title of his short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† In his short story, Faulkner summarizes the life of a forsaken woman, whom, while heavily respected by her town, is also quite pitied. Faulkner works to give the reader a sense of empathy towards his character while he describes the tragedy that is her life. Emily Grierson, is eventually found to not be the only victimRead MoreEmily Killing Homer: A Crime of Passion or an Act of a Frightened Girl864 Words   |  3 PagesEmily Killing Homer: a Crime of Passion or Act of Frightened Girl Faulkner’s tail of â€Å"A Rose for Emily † is a tail of thousand stories. Set up in the old south, at the same time it intrigues you and dazzles you. It tells the story of a daughter from an upper class family that ends up killing her male companion, Homer Baron. A motive for killing him is not stated in the story, but if red carefully one could be implied. Critiques disagree on what might have motived Emily to kill homer. Some sayRead MoreEmily Grierson : Story And Town Symbol Of The Old South1535 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Grierson: Story and Town Symbol of the Old South William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a story about an elderly woman, Emily Grierson who represents the old south. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† consists of five parts. The story begins with the death of Emily Grierson. Then, the narrator takes the readers into a flashback to the time Miss Emily Grierson is alive. The narrator explains Grierson as a representation of the old south. The narrator describes Miss Emily Grierson actions rather than explainRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1729 Words   |  7 Pages2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In every neighborhood there is always that one house that is a mystery to everyone. A house that everyone wants to know about, but nobody can seem to be able to dig up any answers. It’s the type of place that you would take any opportunity or excuse to get to explore. The littler that is known, the more the curiosity increases about this mysterious place or person. In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, this mysterious person is Emily Grierson, and theRead MoreThe Two Main Characters Louise Mallard and Emily Grierson Are Both Similar and Dissimilar.861 Words   |  4 Pagesshort stories Story of an Hour and A Rose for Emily, the two main characters Louise Mallard and Emily Grierson are both similar and dissimilar. These two characters lived in similar ideological societies and they shared a similar pattern of development. But also they differed in their goals and how they thought they could achieve their goals. First, Emily Grierson and Louise Mallard both shared a common shackle, the society in which they lived. Both Emily and Louise were women, and they bothRead MoreEmilys Rose Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesEmilys Rose Emily lives in the small town of Jefferson. Jefferson is a town where her family has lived for generations, and where her family is known to have â€Å"held themselves a little to high for what they were;† so they were treated as such. Emily is kept home by her father and almost hidden from the entire town; the gentlemen callers who dared come calling for Miss Emily’s hand were only â€Å"vanquished† by her father. They were not of â€Å"social standing† to be permitted her time and company.Read MoreA Rose for Emily889 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis for â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Sometimes a Rose is Not a Rose: A Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner, the negative impact of Emily’s upbringing by an overprotective father, leads to incredible pattern in her life and the obvious mental illness that takes over as she not so graciously ages. While written in five sections, the first and last section is written in present time, and the three middle sectionsRead MoreEssay Comparison of A Rose for Emily and The Possibility of Evil1185 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of A Rose for Emily and The Possibility of Evil In the short stories â€Å"A Rose For Emily,† by William Faulkner and â€Å"The Possibility of Evil,† by Shirley Jackson both authors create similar characters and settings that illustrate daring images of evil. Both Emily Grierson and Adela Strangeworth are women who share similar characteristics yet pose completely different motives. Their stories take place in close-knit towns, which play essential roles in their motives for evil. Emily Grierson and Adela

Using Tan and Tanto in Spanish Comparisons of Equality

In Spanish, there are a number of ways to indicate that two people or things are equal in a certain way. These are known as comparisons of inequality. Probably the most common method is to use the phrase tan...como, where the ellipsis is replaced by an adjective, adverb, or noun. The phrase is the equivalent of the English phrase as...as. Comparisons Using Adjectives Diego es tan alto como Pedro. (James is as tall as Peter.)Eres tan inteligente como cualquier hombre. (You are as intelligent as any man.)Cervantes es tan conocido como Shakespeare. (Cervantes is as well-known as Shakespeare.)No estoy tan feliz como me gustarà ­a. (I am not as happy as I would like to be.) Notice how these examples are similar in idea to expressions of inequality: Diego es mà ¡s alto que Pedro. (James is taller than Peter.) Comparisons Using Adverbs The examples above feature comparisons using adjectives. However, comparisons of equality using tan work similarly when adverbs are used to indicate the way by which things are done: La cerveza puede afectarle tan rà ¡pidamente como el vino. (Beer can affect you as quickly as wine.)Las infopistas transformarà ¡n nuestra cultura tan poderosamente como la imprenta de Gutenberg transformà ³ los tiempos medievales. (The information highway will transform our culture as powerfully as Gutenbergs printing press transformed medieval times.) Comparisons Using Nouns A similar sentence structure is used when a noun is used in the comparison. In such cases, however, a form of tanto—an adjective—is used. It must agree in number and gender with the noun referred to: El paà ­s exporta tantos dà ³lares como importa. (The country exports as many dollars as it imports.)La experiencia tiene tanta importancia como el conocimiento de libros. (Experience has as much importance as book knowledge.)Nada tiene tanto à ©xito como à ©l. (Nobody has as much success as he.)No tengo tantas preguntas como antes. (I dont have as many questions as before.) As Much As The similar construction of tanto como can also be used to mean as much as. Note that this form of tanto is an invariable adverb; it doesnt change form to agree with words around it: Nadie habà ­a hecho tanto como mi padre. (No one has done as much as my father.)Dormir poco disminuye el rendimiento tanto como el alcohol. (Lack of sleep reduces performance as much as alcohol.)Tienen un lado bueno tanto como uno malo. (They have a good side as much as a bad side.)

Comparisons of Maggie of Everyday Use and Laura of The...

English 1302 11 July 2013 â€Å"Two Different People, Same Problem†: A Comparison of Maggie and Laura’s Physical Defects We are sometimes known as our own worst critic and after reading Alice Walker’s short story â€Å"Everyday Use† and Tennessee Williams’ play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†, we experience two characters that display this to be true. In â€Å"Everyday Use† we are introduced to Maggie, the timid and homely little sister who has burns throughout her arms and legs due to a house fire which occurred many years prior to when the story takes place. In â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† we read about Laura, an introverted character who suffers from a childhood illness causing her to have one leg shorter than the other leaving her to rely on the use of a†¦show more content†¦After Laura explains to her mother that no young men will be over to visit her, Amanda makes a comment that the gentlemen’s excuse must be due to some sort of flood or tornado. â€Å"It isn’t a flood, it†™s not a tornado, Mother. I’m just not popular like you were in Blue Mountain†¦ Mother’s afraid I’m going to be an old maid† (975). Much like Maggie, Laura allows her minor flaw to overrun her life and disallow her to build a relationship with others. Laura’s limp has prevented her from meeting and making any friends while she was in school also hindering her from building any kind of bond with others. Throughout both texts, each writer goes into further details justifying the characters insecurities due to their blemishes. When Maggie asks her mother for her opinion on how she looks in the dress she chose to wear, Mama compares Maggie’s posture to a dog that has just been struck by a vehicle. â€Å"She has been like this, chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle, ever since the fire that burned the other house to the ground†(71). Mama validates that Maggie’s uncertainties about her appearance stem from the scars she sustained from the fire. Similarly, Laura permits her disfigurement to hinder her self-esteem. After Amanda discovers that Laura is no longer attending business school due to her anxiety, Amanda reassures her that women who do not

Bulling and Cyberbulling Free Essays

Bulling and cyber bulling is a huge issue in our society and the problem is increasing. According to the American Justice Department this month 1out of four children will be abused by another youth. And since the introduction of technology such as texting, emails and social media sites it has become allot easier for bullies to both bully and bully secretly and almost constantly. We will write a custom essay sample on Bulling and Cyberbulling or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will address the issue of both bullying, harassment and in particular cyber bullies. It will also suggest ways to cope with bulling According to schools. nsw. edu. au bullying is repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behaviour that is harmful and involves the misuse of power by an individual or group towards one or more persons. The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s Building Respectful and Safe Schools (2010) identifies four types of bullying. These are: * Physical bullying -Physical bullying is bullying physically including hitting, kicking, tripping, pinching and pushing or damaging property. * Verbal bullying- Verbal bullying is bullying someone using words. For example-name calling, insults, teasing, intimidation, homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse. * Covert bullying- Covert bullying is often harder to recognise and can be carried out behind the bullied person’s back. It is designed to harm someone’s social reputation and/or cause humiliation. Covert bullying includes: lying and spreading rumours, negative facial or physical gestures, menacing or contemptuous looks, playing nasty jokes to embarrass and humiliate, mimicking unkindly, encouraging others to socially exclude someone and damaging someone’s social reputation or social acceptance * Cyber bullying- Cyber bullying is overt or covert bullying behaviours using digital technologies. Examples include harassment via a mobile phone, setting up a defamatory personal website or deliberately excluding someone from social networking spaces. Cyber bullying can happen at any time. It can be in public or in private and sometimes only known to the target and the person bullying. Bulling is not mutual arguments and disagreements, single episodes of social rejection or dislike, single episode acts of nastiness or spite, random acts of aggression or intimidation. The standard definition for harassment is unwanted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation etc. which has the purpose or effect of either violating the claimant’s dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them. All bulling is harassment but not all harassment is bulling. Bulling has both short term and long term effects for the victims. Although severe long term effects can be avoided by stopping bulling as early as possible. The short term effects can include issues at school (i. e. lower academic achievement), depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood. In extreme cases bullied children may also have suicidal tendencies. Long term effects can include: a greater risk of depression and lower self-esteem later in later life, more likely to have problems with alcohol and drug use and it is more likely they will have suicidal thoughts Demonstrating assertive behaviour when bullied or harassed can often help reduce bulling. Assertive behaviour is not aggressive. It’s saying things in a direct and honest way. Saying things such as stop it, I don’t like it and what you’re saying isn’t very nice please stop. If you are being bullied or harassed the most important thing to do is tell someone. People like a trusted adult such as a teacher, councillor or parent are all good to tell. If all else fails call a kids or bulling helpline such the kids helpline on 1800 55 1800. Cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones. It has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyber stalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyber stalking is NEVER called cyber bullying. The actions of a cyber-bully are biasedly verbal bulling over technology. This is includes messaging on a social site, email and texting. There is no way to completely avoid cyber bullies unless you pretty much stop using the computer. But there are things you can do to lessen the chance of being cyber bullied. Firstly if you think you might be being cyber bullied then talk to a trusted adult. Secondly if the bulling is happening over social networking sites then most sites give you the option to block people. If it’s over the phone then talk to your parents about getting a new number. Bibliography http://ncab. org. au/fourkindsofbullying/ 24/8/12 http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. html#suicide 24/8/12 http://library. hinkquest. org/07aug/00117/bullyingconsequences. html 24/8/12 http://www. cyberbullying. info/ http://au. reachout. com/Factsheets/C/Cyberbullying http://www. cybersmart. gov. au/Kids/Tips%20to%20stay%20safe%20and%20cybersmart/Cyberbullying. aspx http://www. bullyingnoway. gov. au/ http://www. bullying. com. au/ http://www. youthbeyondblue. com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-20-bullying/ http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. htmlhttp://www. racgp. org. au/afp/20 1103/201103carrgregg. pdf How to cite Bulling and Cyberbulling, Essay examples Bulling and Cyberbulling Free Essays Bulling and cyber bulling is a huge issue in our society and the problem is increasing. According to the American Justice Department this month 1out of four children will be abused by another youth. And since the introduction of technology such as texting, emails and social media sites it has become allot easier for bullies to both bully and bully secretly and almost constantly. We will write a custom essay sample on Bulling and Cyberbulling or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will address the issue of both bullying, harassment and in particular cyber bullies. It will also suggest ways to cope with bulling According to schools. nsw. edu. au bullying is repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behaviour that is harmful and involves the misuse of power by an individual or group towards one or more persons. The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s Building Respectful and Safe Schools (2010) identifies four types of bullying. These are: * Physical bullying -Physical bullying is bullying physically including hitting, kicking, tripping, pinching and pushing or damaging property. * Verbal bullying- Verbal bullying is bullying someone using words. For example-name calling, insults, teasing, intimidation, homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse. * Covert bullying- Covert bullying is often harder to recognise and can be carried out behind the bullied person’s back. It is designed to harm someone’s social reputation and/or cause humiliation. Covert bullying includes: lying and spreading rumours, negative facial or physical gestures, menacing or contemptuous looks, playing nasty jokes to embarrass and humiliate, mimicking unkindly, encouraging others to socially exclude someone and damaging someone’s social reputation or social acceptance * Cyber bullying- Cyber bullying is overt or covert bullying behaviours using digital technologies. Examples include harassment via a mobile phone, setting up a defamatory personal website or deliberately excluding someone from social networking spaces. Cyber bullying can happen at any time. It can be in public or in private and sometimes only known to the target and the person bullying. Bulling is not mutual arguments and disagreements, single episodes of social rejection or dislike, single episode acts of nastiness or spite, random acts of aggression or intimidation. The standard definition for harassment is unwanted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation etc. which has the purpose or effect of either violating the claimant’s dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them. All bulling is harassment but not all harassment is bulling. Bulling has both short term and long term effects for the victims. Although severe long term effects can be avoided by stopping bulling as early as possible. The short term effects can include issues at school (i. e. lower academic achievement), depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood. In extreme cases bullied children may also have suicidal tendencies. Long term effects can include: a greater risk of depression and lower self-esteem later in later life, more likely to have problems with alcohol and drug use and it is more likely they will have suicidal thoughts Demonstrating assertive behaviour when bullied or harassed can often help reduce bulling. Assertive behaviour is not aggressive. It’s saying things in a direct and honest way. Saying things such as stop it, I don’t like it and what you’re saying isn’t very nice please stop. If you are being bullied or harassed the most important thing to do is tell someone. People like a trusted adult such as a teacher, councillor or parent are all good to tell. If all else fails call a kids or bulling helpline such the kids helpline on 1800 55 1800. Cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones. It has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyber stalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyber stalking is NEVER called cyber bullying. The actions of a cyber-bully are biasedly verbal bulling over technology. This is includes messaging on a social site, email and texting. There is no way to completely avoid cyber bullies unless you pretty much stop using the computer. But there are things you can do to lessen the chance of being cyber bullied. Firstly if you think you might be being cyber bullied then talk to a trusted adult. Secondly if the bulling is happening over social networking sites then most sites give you the option to block people. If it’s over the phone then talk to your parents about getting a new number. Bibliography http://ncab. org. au/fourkindsofbullying/ 24/8/12 http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. html#suicide 24/8/12 http://library. hinkquest. org/07aug/00117/bullyingconsequences. html 24/8/12 http://www. cyberbullying. info/ http://au. reachout. com/Factsheets/C/Cyberbullying http://www. cybersmart. gov. au/Kids/Tips%20to%20stay%20safe%20and%20cybersmart/Cyberbullying. aspx http://www. bullyingnoway. gov. au/ http://www. bullying. com. au/ http://www. youthbeyondblue. com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-20-bullying/ http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. htmlhttp://www. racgp. org. au/afp/20 1103/201103carrgregg. pdf How to cite Bulling and Cyberbulling, Papers

Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation free essay sample

A more comprehensive definition of motivation may be the interaction of cognitive, affective, behavioral, and social processes contributing to purposeful, often goal directed behavior. As one can see, motivation is not a single entity or trait but rather a dynamic model made up of many different components. Motivation, as it pertains to exercise, is often separated into two distinct categories. The first category focuses on external (extrinsic) factors involved in motivation. Some of the extrinsic factors involved with exercise include personal appearance, social support, and facilities, just to name a few. The second category focuses on internal (intrinsic) factors associated with exercise adherence. There are many intrinsic motivators to exercise such as health factors, personal competence, increased energy, and decreased stress. External motivators are often what one thinks of when beginning an exercise routine. Many people start an exercise program to lose weight or get in better shape. These external rewards may be enough to motivate an individual to initially take part in an exercise program. We will write a custom essay sample on Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, research has shown that body-related motives are not, on average, sufficient to sustain regular exercise regimens, and thus should not be made the most salient justification for engaging in exercise. An example of this could be a person motivated to exercise by the promise or idea that exercise will help them lose weight. An individual early in their exercise program may lose a fair amount of weight by losing mostly water. On the outside this person focusing on the end goal of losing weight may be motivated at the sight of the numbers on the scale decreasing. However, what happens as they continue to exercise and do not see the rapid weight loss they saw at the onset of their exercise? This person often times will become unmotivated and drop out of their exercise program because they are no longer seeing the reward (weight loss) for their effort. Therefore, the goal must be to move an individual’s ocus to internal motivators in order for one to adhere to their fitness plan. Internal motivators are those that produce long lasting adherence to exercise. Making exercise or physical activities more intrinsically motivating might be a viable route to enhancing persistence. Research has shown that, people who successfully maintain a workout regimen learn to shift their focus from distant, external outcomes like losing weight to positive, internal experiences in the here and now. The intrinsic exerciser looks inward in the attempt to discover what holds true meaning for them. One individual may be exercising because they find the actual exercise movement to be enjoyable while another person finds that each session holds a personal challenge for them. Whatever the reasoning behind one’s motivation for exercising, it must come from within in order for meaning to be attached to it. Jay Kimiecik has developed his own philosophy of intrinsic exercise from years of performing research in the field of psychology. In this philosophy, there are four core concepts that one must understand. They are labeled personal meaning orientation, mastery, inner synergy, and flow. Personal Meaning Orientation helps you find exercise rewarding in and of itself. Intrinsic exercisers articulate why they are working out and what they hope to get from it. Only when exercise becomes personally meaningful will you be motivated to do it regularly. Building on the concept of personal meaning orientation one must learn to recognize improvements in one’s performance. This concept is referred to as mastery. Mastery allows one to meet personal challenges set forth by that individual in an effort to boost one’s motivation. Inner synergy allows an individual to attach meaning to each exercise that is being performed. A good example of this is an individual who rides their bicycle in preparation for a charity tour they are scheduled to ride. This person is then attaching meaning to their exercise above and beyond just health related benefits gained from cycling. The concept involved with this theory is called flow. Flow involves a person totally being connected to an exercise. This involves a deep understanding and concentration on the exercise at hand. Once the flow state has been achieved an individual will want to work out for the deep psychological connection gained by performing the exercise. Individuals cease exercising for a number of reasons. Those who find exercise internally rewarding have a better chance of adhering to an exercise program than those who do not. External rewards such as developing big muscles or losing weight will only motivate one for a limited time. The best advice for sticking with your exercise routine is to look deep within oneself and attach meaning to the exercise. Internal motivators will always outlast external motivators when talking about exercise adherence.